IEA §98 → BSA §104
Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc
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Comparison
98. Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc. –– Evidence may be given to show the meaning of illegible or not commonly intelligible characters, of foreign, obsolete, technical, local and provincial expressions, of abbreviations and of words used in a peculiar sense. Illustration A, sculptor, agrees to sell to B, “all my mods”. A has both models and modelling tools. Evidence may be given to show which he meant to sell.
104. Whoever desires any Court to give judgment as to any legal right or liability dependent on the existence of facts which he asserts must prove that those facts exist, and when a person is bound to prove the existence of any fact, it is said that the burden of proof lies on that person. Illustrations. (a) A desires a Court to give judgment that B shall be punished for a crime which A says B has committed. A must prove that B has committed the crime. (b) A desires a Court to give judgment that he is entitled to certain land in the possession of B, by reason of facts which he asserts, and which B denies, to be true.Amust prove the existence of those facts.
What changedAI-inferred
Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc..
Old position
IEA 98 is concerned with Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc. Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc
New position
BSA 104 preserves the framework with drafting modernisations as required by the new code. Topic: Illustrations.. Whoever desires any Court to give judgment as to any legal right or liability dependent on the existence of facts which he asserts must prove that those facts exist, and when a person is bound to prove the existence of any fact, it is said
BSA 104 (Illustrations.) preserves the framework of IEA 98. BSA 104 retains the operative provisions in substantively the same form, with drafting modernisation and structural updates as required by the new code. BSA 104 text: Whoever desires any Court to give judgment as to any legal right or...
Editorial deltaAI-indicated (source-linked)
BSA 104 (Illustrations.) preserves the framework of IEA 98. BSA 104 retains the operative provisions in substantively the same form, with drafting modernisation and structural updates as required by the new code.
BSA 104 text: Whoever desires any Court to give judgment as to any legal right or liability dependent on the existence of facts which he asserts must prove that those facts exist, and when a person is bound to prove the existence of any fact, it is said that the burden of proof lies on that person. Illustrations. (a) A desires a...
Transitional note (repeal & savings)
For matters initiated before 1 July 2024, IEA 98 continues to apply. For matters from that date forward, BSA 104 applies. The transition is governed by the repeal-and-savings clause in the new code (BNS 358 / BNSS 531 / BSA 170 as the case may be); pending proceedings under the old code carry forward unaffected.
Frequently asked
BSA 104 (Illustrations.). The relationship is classified as substantively_same — see the change-note above for the textual delta.
Sources
- India Code — Indian Evidence Act, 1872
- Gazette of India — Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023
Cite this page
Newlaws.in, IEA §98 → BSA §104 Mapping Page, last updated 2026-05-01, accessed 2026-06-15, https://newlaws.in/iea/98.
Compiled using AI-assisted tools · Source-linked · Last updated 2026-05-01
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