IPC §477ABNS §344

Falsification of accounts. Of Property and Other Marks

Substantively sameConfidence: mediumStatus: cross checkedconsolidation context(precautionary)
Last updated 2026-05-01 · Input coverage: full

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Comparison

Old law
IPC §477A
Falsification of accounts. Of Property and Other Marks

4[477A. Falsification of accounts.—Whoever, being a clerk, officer or servant, or employed or acting in the capacity of a clerk, officer or servant, wilfully, and with intent to defraud, destroys, alters, mutilates or falsifies any 5[book, electronic record, paper, writing] valuable security or account which belongs to or is in the possession of his employer, or has been received by him for or on behalf of his employer, or wilfully, and with intent to defraud, makes or abets the making of any false entry in, or omits or alters or abets the omission or alteration of any material particular from or in. any such 5[book, electronic record, paper, writing] valuable security or account, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, or with fine, or with both. 1. Subs. by Act 21 of 2000, s. 91 and the First Sch., for certain words (w.e.f. 17-10-2000). 2. Subs. by Act 26 of 1955, s. 117 and the Sch., for “transportation for life” (w.e.f. 1-1-1956). 3. Subs. by Act 21 of 2000, s. 91 and the First Sch., for “any document” (w.e.f. 17-10-2000). 4. Added by Act 3 of 1895, s. 4. 5. Subs. by Act 21 of 2000, s. 91 and the First Sch., for “book, paper, writing” (w.e.f. 17-10-2000). Explanation.—It shall be sufficient in any charge under this section to allege a general intent to defraud without naming any particular person intended to be defrauded or specifying any particular sum of money intended to be the subject of the fraud, or any particular day on which the offence was committed.] 1[Of 2***Property and Other Marks

New law
BNS §344
Falsification of accounts

Whoever, being a clerk, officer or servant, or employed or acting in the capacity of a clerk, officer or servant, wilfully, and with intent to defraud, destroys, alters, mutilates or falsifies any book, electronic record, paper, writing, valuable security or account which belongs to or is in the possession of his employer, or has been received by him for or on behalf of his employer, or wilfully, and with intent to defraud, makes or abets the making of any false entry in, or omits or alters or abets the omission or alteration of any material particular from or in, any such book, electronic record, paper, writing, valuable security or account, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, or with fine, or with both.

What changedAI-inferred

IPC 477A modified by BNS 344 with electronic record added.

Old position

IPC 477A is concerned with Falsification of accounts. Of Property and Other Marks. 4[477A

New position

BNS 344 modifies the framework. Topic: Falsification of accounts. Whoever, being a clerk, officer or servant, or employed or acting in the capacity of a clerk, officer or servant, wilfully, and with intent to defraud, destroys, alters, mutilates or falsifies any book, electronic record, paper, writing,

BNS 344 modifies IPC 477A. IPC 477A modified by BNS 344 with electronic record added. BNS 344 text: Whoever, being a clerk, officer or servant, or employed or acting in the capacity of a clerk, officer or servant, wilfully, and with intent to defraud, destroys, alters, mutilates or falsifies...

Editorial deltaAI-indicated (source-linked)

BNS-344 reproduces IPC-477A's framework on falsification of accounts character-identically with drafting tidy-up. Punishment levels preserved.

Transitional note (repeal & savings)

For matters initiated before 1 July 2024, IPC 477A continues to apply. For matters from that date forward, BNS 344 applies. The transition is governed by the repeal-and-savings clause in the new code (BNS 358 / BNSS 531 / BSA 170 as the case may be); pending proceedings under the old code carry forward unaffected.

Frequently asked

BNS 344 (Falsification of accounts). The relationship is classified as modified — see the change-note above for the textual delta.

Sources

Cite this page

Newlaws.in, IPC §477A → BNS §344 Mapping Page, last updated 2026-05-01, accessed 2026-06-12, https://newlaws.in/ipc/477A.

Compiled using AI-assisted tools · Source-linked · Last updated 2026-05-01

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