BSA §99
Evidence as to application of language which can apply to.
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Comparison
93. Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document. –– When the language used in a document is, on its face, ambiguous or defective, evidence may not be given of facts which would show its meaning or supply its defects. Illustrations (a) A agrees, in writing, to sell a horse to B for “Rs. 1,000 or Rs. 1,500”. Evidence cannot be given to show which price was to be given. (b) A deed contains blanks. Evidence cannot be given of facts which would show how they were meant to be filled.
99. When the facts are such that the language used might have been meant to apply to any one, and could not have been meant to apply to more than one, of several persons or things, evidence may be given of facts which show which of those persons or things it was intended to apply to. Illustrations. (a) A agrees to sell to B, for one thousand rupees, "my white horse". A has two white horses. Evidence may be given of facts which show which of them was meant. (b) A agrees to accompany B to Ramgarh. Evidence may be given of facts showing whether Ramgarh in Rajasthan or Ramgarh in Uttarakhand was meant.
What changedAI-inferred
Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document.
Old position
IEA 93 is concerned with Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document. Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document
New position
BSA 99 preserves the framework with drafting modernisations as required by the new code. Topic: Evidence as to application of language which can apply to.. When the facts are such that the language used might have been meant to apply to any one, and could not have been meant to apply to more than one, of several persons or things, evidence may be given of facts which show which of those
BSA 99 (Evidence as to application of language which can apply to.) preserves the framework of IEA 93. BSA 99 retains the operative provisions in substantively the same form, with drafting modernisation and structural updates as required by the new code. BSA 99 text: When the facts are such...
Editorial deltaAI-indicated (source-linked)
BSA 99 (Evidence as to application of language which can apply to.) preserves the framework of IEA 93. BSA 99 retains the operative provisions in substantively the same form, with drafting modernisation and structural updates as required by the new code.
BSA 99 text: When the facts are such that the language used might have been meant to apply to any one, and could not have been meant to apply to more than one, of several persons or things, evidence may be given of facts which show which of those persons or things it was intended to apply to. Illustrations. (a) A agrees to sell to...
Transitional note (repeal & savings)
For matters initiated before 1 July 2024, IEA 93 continues to apply. For matters from that date forward, BSA 99 applies. The transition is governed by the repeal-and-savings clause in the new code (BNS 358 / BNSS 531 / BSA 170 as the case may be); pending proceedings under the old code carry forward unaffected.
Frequently asked
BSA 99 (Evidence as to application of language which can apply to.). The relationship is classified as substantively_same — see the change-note above for the textual delta.
Sources
- India Code — Indian Evidence Act, 1872
- Gazette of India — Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023
Cite this page
Newlaws.in, IEA §93 → BSA §99 Mapping Page, last updated 2026-05-01, accessed 2026-06-15, https://newlaws.in/bsa/99.
Compiled using AI-assisted tools · Source-linked · Last updated 2026-05-01
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