IEA §31 → BSA §24
Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop. STATEMENTS BY PERSONS WHO CANNOT BE CALLED AS WITNESSES
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Comparison
31. Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop.––Admissions are not conclusive proof of the matters admitted but they may operate as estoppels under the provisions hereinafter contained. STATEMENTS BY PERSONS WHO CANNOT BE CALLED AS WITNESSES
24. When more persons than one are being tried jointly for the same offence, and a confession made by one of such persons affecting himself and some other of such persons is proved, the Court may take into consideration such confession as against such other person as well as against the person who makes such confession. Explanation I.—"Offence", as used in this section, includes the abetment of, or attempt to commit, the offence. Explanation II.—A trial of more persons than one held in the absence of the accused who has absconded or who fails to comply with a proclamation issued under section 84 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 shall be deemed to be a joint trial for the purpose of this section. Illustrations. (a) A and B are jointly tried for the murder of C. It is proved that A said—"B and I murdered C". The Court may consider the effect of this confession as against B. (b)Ais on his trial for the murder of C. There is evidence to show that C was murdered by A and B, and that B said—"A and I murdered C". This statement may not be taken into consideration by the Court against A, as B is not being jointly tried.
What changedAI-inferred
Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop.
Old position
IEA 31 is concerned with Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop. STATEMENTS BY PERSONS WHO CANNOT BE CALLED AS WITNESSES. Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop
New position
BSA 24 preserves the framework with drafting modernisations as required by the new code. Topic: When more persons than one are being tried jointly for the same.. When more persons than one are being tried jointly for the same offence, and a confession made by one of such persons affecting himself and some other of such persons is proved, the Court may take into consideration such confession as
BSA 24 (When more persons than one are being tried jointly for the same.) preserves the framework of IEA 31. BSA 24 retains the operative provisions in substantively the same form, with drafting modernisation and structural updates as required by the new code. BSA 24 text: When more persons...
Editorial deltaAI-indicated (source-linked)
BSA 24 (When more persons than one are being tried jointly for the same.) preserves the framework of IEA 31. BSA 24 retains the operative provisions in substantively the same form, with drafting modernisation and structural updates as required by the new code.
BSA 24 text: When more persons than one are being tried jointly for the same offence, and a confession made by one of such persons affecting himself and some other of such persons is proved, the Court may take into consideration such confession as against such other person as well as against the person who makes such confession....
Transitional note (repeal & savings)
For matters initiated before 1 July 2024, IEA 31 continues to apply. For matters from that date forward, BSA 24 applies. The transition is governed by the repeal-and-savings clause in the new code (BNS 358 / BNSS 531 / BSA 170 as the case may be); pending proceedings under the old code carry forward unaffected.
Frequently asked
BSA 24 (When more persons than one are being tried jointly for the same.). The relationship is classified as substantively_same — see the change-note above for the textual delta.
Sources
- India Code — Indian Evidence Act, 1872
- Gazette of India — Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023
Cite this page
Newlaws.in, IEA §31 → BSA §24 Mapping Page, last updated 2026-05-01, accessed 2026-06-14, https://newlaws.in/iea/31.
Compiled using AI-assisted tools · Source-linked · Last updated 2026-05-01
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