BSA §121
When one person has, by his declaration, act or omission, intentionally caused.
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Comparison
115. Estoppel.––When one person has, by his declaration, act or omission, intentionally caused or permitted another person to believe a thing to be true and to act upon such belief, neither he nor his representative shall be allowed, in any suit or proceeding between himself and such person or his representative, to deny the truth of that thing. Illustration A intentionally and falsely leads B to believe that certain land belongs to A, and thereby induces B to buy and pay for it. The land afterwards becomes the property of A, and A seeks to set aside the sale on the ground that, at the time of the sale, he had no title. He must not be allowed to prove his want of title.
121. When one person has, by his declaration, act or omission, intentionally caused or permitted another person to believe a thing to be true and to act upon such belief, neither he nor his representative shall be allowed, in any suit or proceeding between himself and such person or his representative, to deny the truth of that thing. Illustration. A intentionally and falsely leads B to believe that certain land belongs to A, and thereby induces B to buy and pay for it. The land afterwards becomes the property of A, and A seeks to set aside the sale on the ground that, at the time of the sale, he had no title. He must not be allowed to prove his want of title.
What changedAI-inferred
Estoppel.
Old position
IEA 115 is concerned with Estoppel. Estoppel
New position
BSA 121 preserves the framework with drafting modernisations as required by the new code. Topic: When one person has, by his declaration, act or omission, intentionally caused.. When one person has, by his declaration, act or omission, intentionally caused or permitted another person to believe a thing to be true and to act upon such belief, neither he nor his representative shall be allowed, in any suit or
BSA 121 (When one person has, by his declaration, act or omission, intentionally caused.) preserves the framework of IEA 115. BSA 121 retains the operative provisions in substantively the same form, with drafting modernisation and structural updates as required by the new code. BSA 121 text: ...
Editorial deltaAI-indicated (source-linked)
BSA 121 (When one person has, by his declaration, act or omission, intentionally caused.) preserves the framework of IEA 115. BSA 121 retains the operative provisions in substantively the same form, with drafting modernisation and structural updates as required by the new code.
BSA 121 text: When one person has, by his declaration, act or omission, intentionally caused or permitted another person to believe a thing to be true and to act upon such belief, neither he nor his representative shall be allowed, in any suit or proceeding between himself and such person or his representative, to deny the truth of...
Transitional note (repeal & savings)
For matters initiated before 1 July 2024, IEA 115 continues to apply. For matters from that date forward, BSA 121 applies. The transition is governed by the repeal-and-savings clause in the new code (BNS 358 / BNSS 531 / BSA 170 as the case may be); pending proceedings under the old code carry forward unaffected.
Frequently asked
BSA 121 (When one person has, by his declaration, act or omission, intentionally caused.). The relationship is classified as substantively_same — see the change-note above for the textual delta.
Sources
- India Code — Indian Evidence Act, 1872
- Gazette of India — Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023
Cite this page
Newlaws.in, IEA §115 → BSA §121 Mapping Page, last updated 2026-05-01, accessed 2026-06-14, https://newlaws.in/bsa/121.
Compiled using AI-assisted tools · Source-linked · Last updated 2026-05-01
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